Spatial proteomics: unveiling the multidimensional landscape of protein localization in human diseases

Table 1 Summary of key characteristics of major spatial proteomics techniques

Categories	Methods	Samples	Advantages	Disadvantages	Reference
FA-based	MIF	FFPE/FF	High specificity Multiplex biomarkers	Fluorescence overlap interference	[20]
FA-based	CODEX	FFPE/FF	Highly multiplexed detection; fewer fluorescent	Antibody dependency	[23, 24]
MS-based	MALDI-MSI	FFPE/FF	No fluorescence interference High throughput	susceptible to matrix effects. Difficulties in detecting low abundance proteins.proteins	[25]
	DESI-MSI	FFPE/FF	Simple sample preparation. fast imaging	Low resolution and sensitivity; ionization affected by spraying	[26]
	LCM-MS	FFPE/FF	High precision, biomarker screening	Limited resolution	[27]
	IMC	FFPE/FF	No fluorescence interference.higher resolution	Complex equipment; high cost	[28]
	MIBI	FFPE/TMA	Ion beam detection; higher resolution	Complex equipment; slow throughput, long cycles	[29]
Seq-based	DSP	FFP/FF/ TMA	Suitable for diverse samples, high sensitivity	antibody dependency	[30]

Legend: FA Fluorescence Antibody, MS Mass Spectrometry, Seq Sequencing, MIF Multiplex immunofluorescence, CODEX co-detection by indexing, MALDI-MSI Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging, DESI-MSI Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging, LCM-MS Laser Capture Microdissection Mass Spectrometry, IMC Imaging Mass Cytometry, MIBI Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging, DSP Digital Spatial Profiling FFPE Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded, FF Frozen Section, TAM Tissue Microarray

ISSN: 1477-5956